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Folding paper into shapes such as a crane or a butterfly is challenging enough for most people. Now imagine trying to fold something that's about a hundred times thinner than a human hair and then putting it to use as an electronic device.

A team of researchers led by George Barbastathis, associate professor of mechanical engineering, is developing the basic principles of "nano-origami," a new technique that allows engineers to fold nanoscale materials into simple 3-D structures. The tiny folded materials could be used as motors and capacitors, potentially leading to better computer memory storage, faster microprocessors and new nanophotonic devices.

Traditional micro- and nano-fabrication techniques such as X-ray lithography and nano-imprinting work beautifully for two-dimensional structures, and are commonly used to build microprocessors and other micro-electrical-mechanical (MEMS) devices. However, they cannot create 3-D structures.

"A lot of what's done now is planar," says Tony Nichol, a mechanical engineering graduate student working on the project. "We want to take all of the nice tools that have been developed for 2-D and do 3-D things."

The MIT team uses conventional lithography tools to pattern 2-D materials at the nanoscale, then folds them into predetermined 3-D shapes, opening a new realm of possible applications.

Smaller, faster:

The researchers have already demonstrated a 3-D nanoscale capacitor, developed in collaboration with MIT Professor Yang Shao-Horn, which was presented at the 2005 meeting of the Electrochemical Society. The current model has only one fold but the more folds that are added, the more energy it will be able to store. Extra layers also promote faster information flow, just as the human brain's many folds allow for quicker communication between brain regions, says Nader Shaar, a mechanical engineering graduate student working on the project.

Getting the materials to fold back and forth into an accordion-like structure has been one of the researchers' biggest challenges, along with getting the faces and edges to line up accurately.

They have worked out several ways to induce the nanomaterials to fold, including:

 

• Depositing metal (usually chromium) onto the surface where you want the fold to be. This causes the material to curl upward, but it does not allow for right angles or accordion-type folds.

   

• Directing a beam of helium ions onto the desired fold location. The beams imprint patterns that will cause the material to fold once it's removed from the surface. High-energy beams go to the bottom of the material and cause it to fold up; ions from low-energy beams accumulate at the top of the material and make it fold down.

   

• Embedding gold wires in the material. A current running along the gold wires interacts with an external magnetic field, creating a Lorentz force that lifts the face. This technique is a form of directed self-assembly, where the designer provides the template and then lets the device assemble itself.

The folded shapes can be fabricated with a few different types of material, including silicon, silicon nitride (a type of ceramic) and a soft polymer known as SU-8.

Once the material is folded, the tricky part is getting the faces to align properly. The researchers have developed a few ways to do this successfully: one uses magnets; another involves attaching polymers to a certain spot on the faces and melting them with an electric current, sealing the two faces together.

They're still working on getting faces and edges of a folded cube to line up with nanoscale precision, but Shaar, co-supervised by associate professor of mechanical engineering Carol Livermore, has devised a promising method that uses three pairs of matching holes and protrusions to pull the edge and face into alignment.

The researchers are deep in the development phase of their nano-folded devices, but they are starting to think about how the technology could be used in the future. "We've got the core components figured out, and now we're just having fun with figuring out some applications," says Nichol.

About the Researcher :

1. George Barbastathis

Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering
Visiting Scholar, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University (academic year '06-'07)
 

Education:

Diploma, Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 1993;
MS, Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1994;
PhD, Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1998.

Research Interests:

Classical Optics :

3D optical systems

Volume holography for imaging systems (3D pupils)
3D spatial and spectral microscopy without scanning

Subwavelength Optics:

Non-periodic high-index-contrast dielectrics ("photonic non crystals")

       - Spatial-temporal control

       - Design & optimization using Hamiltonian Optics

Mechanically reconfigurable photonic crystals

Nanomanufacturing:

Nanostructured origami^TM 3D fabrication and assembly process
Micromechanical actuators for 3D nanophotonics
 

Scientific and Professional Societies
OSA Group Chair, Imaging and Sensing for Pattern Recognition
IEEE/LEOS Optical MEMS & Nanophotonics conference, Steering Committee member

Member of OSA, IEEE, ASME.

Contact Information of   Barbastathis:

Room 3-461C
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
77 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge MA 02139-4307
Phone: 617-253-1960  
Fax: 617-258-9346  
Email: gbarb@mit.edu
Web: http://web.mit.edu/optics/www
 

2.  Yang Shao-Horn:

Associate Professor
Electrochemical Energy Laboratory, 31-056

Research Interests:
Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage (Batteries and Fuel Cells)
Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Electrochemical Reactions
Application of Transmission Electron Microscopy

Teaching Interests
Electrochemical Systems: Fundamentals, Materials and Applications 2.625 (New fall 2006)
Fundamentals of Advanced Energy Conversion 2.60/2.62j, 10.392j, 22.40j
Mechanics and Materials II 2.002
Thermal-Fluids Engineering I 2.005
Measurement and Instrumentation 2.671

Education
1992, B.S., Beijing University of Technology
1998, Ph.D., Michigan Technological University

Select Professional Activities and Service
Review Committee of the 21st Century Truck Partnership (2006-2008)
National Research Council, The National Academies
Battery Division Officer of the Electrochemical Society (2006-Present)
MIT Energy Research Council (2005-2006)

Professional Memberships
The Electrochemical Society, Materials Research Society, American Chemical Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science

Contact information of Shao-Horn:

Room 3-334
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
77 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge MA 02139-4307
Phone: 617-253-2259  
Fax: 617-258-7018  
Email: shaohorn@mit.edu
Web: http://web.mit.edu/ee