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MIT engineers have created a kind of beltway that allows for the rapid transit of electrical energy through a well-known battery material, an advance that could usher in smaller, lighter batteries -- for cell phones and other devices -- that could recharge in seconds rather than hours.

The work could also allow for the quick recharging of batteries in electric cars, although that particular application would be limited by the amount of power available to a homeowner through the electric grid.

The work, led by Gerbrand Ceder, the Richard P. Simmons Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, is reported in the March 12 issue of Nature. Because the material involved is not new -- the researchers have simply changed the way they make it -- Ceder believes the work could make it into the marketplace within two to three years.

State-of-the-art lithium rechargeable batteries have very high energy densities -- they are good at storing large amounts of charge. The tradeoff is that they have relatively slow power rates -- they are sluggish at gaining and discharging that energy. Consider current batteries for electric cars. "They have a lot of energy, so you can drive at 55 mph for a long time, but the power is low. You can't accelerate quickly," Ceder said.

Why the slow power rates? Traditionally, scientists have thought that the lithium ions responsible, along with electrons, for carrying charge across the battery simply move too slowly through the material.

About five years ago, however, Ceder and colleagues made a surprising discovery. Computer calculations of a well-known battery material, lithium iron phosphate, predicted that the material's lithium ions should actually be moving extremely quickly.

"If transport of the lithium ions was so fast, something else had to be the problem," Ceder said.

Further calculations showed that lithium ions can indeed move very quickly into the material but only through tunnels accessed from the surface. If a lithium ion at the surface is directly in front of a tunnel entrance, there's no problem: it proceeds efficiently into the tunnel. But if the ion isn't directly in front, it is prevented from reaching the tunnel entrance because it cannot move to access that entrance.

Ceder and Byoungwoo Kang, a graduate student in materials science and engineering, devised a way around the problem by creating a new surface structure that does allow the lithium ions to move quickly around the outside of the material, much like a beltway around a city. When an ion traveling along this beltway reaches a tunnel, it is instantly diverted into it. Kang is a coauthor of the Nature paper.

Using their new processing technique, the two went on to make a small battery that could be fully charged or discharged in 10 to 20 seconds (it takes six minutes to fully charge or discharge a cell made from the unprocessed material).

Ceder notes that further tests showed that unlike other battery materials, the new material does not degrade as much when repeatedly charged and recharged. This could lead to smaller, lighter batteries, because less material is needed for the same result.

"The ability to charge and discharge batteries in a matter of seconds rather than hours may open up new technological applications and induce lifestyle changes," Ceder and Kang conclude in their Nature paper.

This work was supported by the National Science Foundation through the Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers program and the Batteries for Advanced Transportation Program of the U.S. Department of Energy. It has been licensed by two companies.

About the Researcher :

Gerbrand Ceder

R. P. Simmons Professor of Materials Science and Engineering

Metallurgy and Materials Science Engineer, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, 1988
PhD Materials Science, University of California, Berkeley, 1991 

Professor Ceder specializes in designing and understanding advanced materials by means of computational modeling and experimental research. By combining theoretical and experimental efforts in one group, the effectiveness of both is enhanced. First principles computations, whereby the properties of materials are predicted from basic physics, has become one of the most powerful tools in Materials Research and Design. This group develops these tools and applies them to technologically relevant problems, often in collaboration with key industrial or government partners. Materials phenomena include: phase stability and cohesion in solids, diffusion, interaction of matter with radiation, and phase transformation. Applications have included: high temperature superconductors, electrodes for rechargeable batteries, and high temperature alloys. The environment is highly multidisplinary, containing students with a range of backgrounds making use of cutting edge techniques from such fields as materials science, engineering, chemistry, physics, computer science, and mathematics.

Contact information of Professor Ceder :

Room 13-5056

77 Mass. Ave.,

Cambridge, MA  02139
phone :617-253-1581

 fax : 617-258-6534

gceder@mit.edu