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"There are all sorts of rules about what crystals can do during phase transitions," said Mark D. Hollingsworth, associate professor of chemistry at Kansas State University. "For a long time, scientists have assumed that the norm applied for all sorts of substances.

But aperiodic materials -- those that lack a regularly repeating structure -- don't necessarily work like this, Hollingsworth said.

These aperiodic, rule-bending crystals are the focus of an article co-authored by Hollingsworth that appears in the Jan. 4 issue of the journal Science. Building on results from Hollingsworth's collaborator, French researcher Bertrand Toudic, Hollingsworth, Toudic and their co-authors looked at how these aperiodic crystals behave differently from "normal" periodic crystals. These differences could have implications not only for research but also for technology that relies on crystals, from computer displays to hard drives, Hollingsworth said.

For the research featured in the Science article, Hollingsworth and colleagues looked at crystals that form a host-guest structure. In this case, urea molecules formed tunnels around nonadecane molecules, making a honeycomb-like structure that takes the form of a double-helix -- the shape of DNA. In periodic host-guest crystals, Hollingsworth said the host molecules forming the tunnels and the guest molecules inside form a regularly repeating structure. But not so with the rule-breaking aperiodic crystals.

"Sometimes the host and guest fit nicely, sometimes they don't," Hollingsworth said. "This can have a huge effect on all sorts of properties. During crystal growth, for example, periodic and aperiodic host-guest crystals can behave very differently."

In aperiodic crystals, in which the host and guest structures don't match, the guest molecules protrude from the ends of the crystals, making the surface rough. This means it's easier to attach new molecules to the end of the crystal. Such crystals, including the ones featured in the Science article, are shaped like long needles.

But it really gets weird when the crystals undergo transitions from one phase to another.

"Bertrand and I have been talking about this for years, trying to find out what's going on in this system," Hollingsworth said. "The idea of studying these systems is to better understand how phase transitions work in aperiodic materials."

To find out what's going on in the phase transitions, the researchers observed the crystals at different temperatures above the phase transition, when the guest molecules are moving rapidly inside their tunnel-like hosts, and also at extremely cold temperatures as molecules are becoming frozen in place. To probe the crystals, the researchers scattered neutrons from them and measured different types of reflections. One class of reflections, called satellite reflections, measures the interaction between the guest and host molecules.

The researchers were surprised by what happened when the crystal was cooled to about -190 degrees Fahrenheit. The satellite reflections showed a change in the interaction between the host and guest structures but no noticeable changes in either the host or guest structures themselves.

"Previously, we thought these materials had homogenous phase transitions and that the normal rules concerning symmetry breaking applied to them," Hollingsworth said. "I don't think anyone would have predicted what happens in this phase transition."

Because these aperiodic materials don't play by the same rules, Hollingsworth said the impact on research is that scientists need to figure out what rules these aperiodic crystals are playing by in phase transitions. In addition to affecting research, these different rules also could have impacts on technology, he said. Crystals like the ones featured in the Science article are ferroelastic. That means that the molecules within the crystals reorient when the crystals are squeezed. The researchers can do this with a small anvil and observe the rotations of large domains in the crystals by viewing the crystal under a microscope. Closely related ferroelectric materials are important to technology because the domains within these materials can be reoriented with electric fields to allow or prohibit polarized light to pass through. This makes them useful in electronic displays.

"The question is whether these phases that we have observed will have unusual properties that are useful," he said.

As research on aperiodic crystals continues, Hollingsworth said that researchers expect this same unusual phase transition behavior in materials other than the urea-nonadecane crystals used in this study.

Note for Phase transition

In thermodynamics, phase transition or phase change is the transformation of a thermodynamic system from one phase to another. The distinguishing characteristic of a phase transition is an abrupt change in one or more physical properties, in particular the heat capacity, with a small change in a thermodynamic variable such as the temperature.
In the English vernacular, the term is most commonly used to describe transitions between solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter, in rare cases including plasma.
Examples of phase transitions include:
The transitions between the solid, liquid, and gaseous phases of a single component, due to the effects of temperature and/or pressure.
A eutectic transformation, in which a two component single phase liquid is cooled and transforms into two solid phases. The same process, but beginning with a solid instead of a liquid is called a eutectoid transformation.
A peritectic transformation, in which a two component single phase solid is heated and transforms into a solid phase and a liquid phase.

Note for Crystal

In chemistry, mineralogy, and materials science, a crystal is a solid in which the constituent atoms, molecules, or ions are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions.
The word crystal originates from the Greek word (krystallos) meaning clear ice, as it was thought to be an especially solid form of water. The word once referred particularly to quartz, or "rock crystal".
Most metals encountered in everyday life are polycrystals. Crystals are often symmetrically intergrown to form crystal twins. Which crystal structure the fluid will form depends on the chemistry of the fluid, the conditions under which it is being solidified, and also on the ambient pressure. The process of forming a crystalline structure is often referred to as crystallization.

Note for Ferroelasticity

Ferroelasticity is a phenomenon in which a material may exhibit a spontaneous strain. In ferroics, ferroelasticity is the mechanical equivalent of ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism. When a stress is applied to a ferroelastic material, a phase change will occur in the material from one phase to an equally stable phase either of different crystal structure (e.g. cubic to tetragonal) or of different orientation (a 'twin' phase). This stress-induced phase change results in a spontaneous strain in the material. The shape memory effect and superelasticity are manifestations of ferroelasticity. Nitinol (nickel titanium), a common ferroelastic alloy, can display either superelasticity or the shape-memory effect at room temperature, depending on the nickel/titanium ratio.