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The World’s Premier Facility for Studying the Properties of Particles Containing Charmed Quark
:: 24 July, 2008
On late Saturday afternoon July 19, researchers at the Chinese Academy of Science’s Institute of High Energy Physics in Beijing produced for the first time collisions in the upgraded BEPC-II electron positron collider that were observed in its brand new associated detector called BES-III. Although BEPC-II and BES-III had already been carefully tested separately, this was the first time they operated together. These first collisions represent a major milestone of this project, which involved eight years of planning and construction.
When it is fully operational, the BEPC-II/BES-III complex will be the world’s premier facility for studying the properties of particles that contain a charmed quark (c-quark), the fourth of an assortment of six different quarks that physicists have identified as the most fundamental building blocks of matter. In BEPC-II, c-quarks, which have a mass that is about 3000 times that of the electron, are produced together with their equal-mass antimatter counterpart, anti-charmed quarks (c-quarks), in head-on collisions of high energy electrons and anti-electrons (familiarly known as positrons). In these collisions, the electron and positron annihilate each other and in the process their energy is converted into the massive c- and c-quark pair in accordance with Einstein’s famous relation E=mc2.
To accomplish this, the BEPC-II team confines a tightly bunched cluster of approximately 50 billion electrons inside a vacuum tube that threads through a ring of powerful electro-magnets that maintains the electron bunch in a nearly circular orbit. Likewise a similar “bunch” of positrons is made to counter-rotate in an identical second ring of magnets. The two bunches, which have a vertical profile of only about five millionths of a meter, are made to cross each other in the center of the BES-III detector. Occasionally, an electron in one bunch hits a positron in the other bunch head-on and the two particles annihilate each other to produce a pair of particles: one containing a c-quark and an associated one that contains a c-quark. These so-called charmed particles rapidly decay into more conventional particles like p- and K-mesons whose energies and velocities are precisely measured in the BES-III spectrometer. From these measurements, the properties of the parent charmed particles can be deduced.
BEPC-II is a major upgrade of IHEP’s previous collider BEPC. The major change has been the addition of a second ring of magnets that allows the electron and positron beams to be stored separately. In BEPC, the electrons and positrons shared the same vacuum tube in a single ring of magnets, and this arrangement could accommodate only a single bunch each of electrons and positrons, thereby limiting the rate at which interesting particles are produced. The two separate rings of BEPC-II will allow for 93 bunches in each ring. In addition, BEPC-II has many other improvements including a more powerful injection accelerator that produces the high energy electrons and positrons, and an extensive use of superconducting technology, both for the acceleration and magnetic focusing of the stored electron and positron beams. The net effect of all of these improvements will be a more than hundredfold increase in the collision rate.
The BES-III detector is completely new with a number of major improvements over its predecessor, BES-II. These include its huge superconducting magnet, which produces a magnetic field throughout the detector that is about 20,000 times stronger than the Earth’s magnetic field. This strong magnetic field deflects charged particles as they traverse the detector and by measuring the amount of deflection researchers can make precision measurements of the particles’ velocities. This magnet, which is the most powerful magnet in China, was built at IHEP by the laboratory’s research staff. In addition, BES-III contains a large array of 6240 crystals of Cesium Iodide that are used to measure the energies of the high-energy gamma rays that are produced in the collisions. The combination of the superconducting magnet and the large crystal array enables the BES-III detector to measure the energies and velocities of the produced particles with more than ten times better precision than was previously possible with BES-II. To handle the huge data rates expected in the BES-III detector, a specialized state-of-the-art high speed data communication system has been developed and implemented.
BEPC-II’s double ring system was completed in Oct. 2006, beams were first stored during the following month and first collisions were produced in March 2007. The assembly of the BES-III detector was completed in January of this year, and it was moved into the interaction region in early April.
In last weekend’s initial test run, a pair of charmed particles, where one contains a c- quark and the other a c-quark was recorded in the detector approximately every ten minutes. The collision rate in the initial test run was about a factor of 4,000 times slower that the project’s ultimate design goal of 6 or 7 charmed-particle pairs per second. This lower rate was partly because the researchers purposely limited the intensity of the electron and positron beams in order to avoid possible damage to the very sensitive detection sensors of the BES-III spectrometer while they made sure that everything is working as expected. The next day, intensities were increased and a ten-times higher collision rate was measured. Over the next several weeks the intensity of the beams will gradually be further increased while at the same time BES-III’s nearly 20,000 detection elements will be carefully adjusted and calibrated. When this process is completed, sometime in the early Fall, the BES-III research program will begin.
Recently, researchers working at IHEP and at laboratories in Japan and the U.S. have observed a number of interesting and unexpected properties of charmed particles that will be investigated with unique sensitivity with BES-III; these observations have added substantially to the world-wide particle physics community’s interest in the BES-III research program. These new developments include the surprising observation that neutral charmed mesons, i.e., mesons containing a c-quark and an anti-up quark (u-quark), spontaneously transform into anti-charmed mesons (i.e., u- and c-quark mesons) and vice versa, a phenomenon that was quite unexpected. BES-III will be uniquely able to perform important measurements that categorize this process to help theoretical physicists understand the root cause for these transformations. Recently, there have been hints that inside so-called Ds mesons, which are particles comprised of a c-quark and an anti-strange quark (s-quark), the constituent c- and s-quarks annihilate each other at a rate that seems to be higher than that predicted by theory. If this discrepancy could be unequivocally established, which is something that BES-III is particularly well suited to do, this would be striking evidence for a whole new regime of forces and associated particles in nature. In addition, the BES-II experiment at IHEP and a number of experiments at other laboratories have uncovered a new class of particles that do not fit into the conventional quark model scheme. To date, in spite of considerable effort, theorists have been unable to achieve a compelling picture that describes these states. More detailed measurements are necessary, and this is something that BES-III will do.
It is estimated that these and the many other topics to be investigated by BES-III correspond to an approximately ten-year-long program of intensive research. This research will be carried out by an international team of researchers from China, Hong Kong China, Germany, Japan, Russia and the U.S. Sunday’s observation of first collisions in the BEPC-II/BES-III facility was an important milestone in this research program.
About Large Electron-Positron Collider
The Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP) was one of the largest particle accelerators ever made. It was built at CERN, a multi-national center for research in nuclear and particle physics near Geneva, Switzerland. LEP was a circular collider with a circumference of 27 kilometers built in a tunnel straddling the border of Switzerland and France. It was used from 1989 until 2000. To date, LEP is the most powerful accelerator of leptons ever built.
When the LEP collider started operation in 1989 it accelerated the electrons and positrons to a total energy of 45 GeV each to enable production of the Z Boson, which has a mass of approximately 91 GeV. The accelerator was upgraded later to enable production of a pair of W Bosons, each weighing approximately 80 GeV. LEP collider energy eventually topped at 209 GeV at the end in 2000. At the end of 2000, LEP was shut down and then dismantled in order to make room in the tunnel for the construction of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
The Super Proton Synchrotron (an older ring collider) was used to accelerate electrons and positrons to nearly the speed of light. These are then injected into the ring. As in all ring colliders, the LEP's ring consists of many magnets which force the charged particles into a circular trajectory (so that they stay inside the ring), RF accelerators which accelerate the particles with radio frequency (RF) waves and quadrupoles that focus the particle beam (i.e. keep the particles together). Rather than increasing the particles' velocities (which are already very close to the speed of light), the function of the accelerators is really to increase the particles' energies so that heavy particles can be created when the particles collide. When the particles are accelerated to maximum energy (and focused to so-called bunches), an electron and a positron bunch is made to collide with each other at one of the collision points of the detector. When an electron and a positron collide, they annihilate to a virtual particle, either a photon or a Z boson. The virtual particle almost immediately decays into other elementary particles, which are then detected by huge particle detectors.
About Charm Quark
The charm quark is a second-generation quark with a charge of +(2/3)e. It is the third most massive of the quarks, at about 1.5 GeV/c2 (roughly one and a half times the mass of the proton). It was predicted in 1970 by Sheldon Glashow, John Iliopoulos, and Luciano Maiani, and first observed in November 1974, with the simultaneous discovery of the J/ψ charm particle at SLAC (Stanford Linear Accererator Center) by a group led by Burton Richter and at BNL (Brookhaven National Laboratory) by a group led by Samuel C. C. Ting.
Some of the hadrons containing charm quarks include:
D mesons contain a charm quark (or its antiparticle) and an up or down quark.
Ds mesons contain a charm quark and a strange quark.
There are many charmonium states, for example the J/ψ particle. These consist of a charm quark and its antiparticle.
Charmed baryons have been observed, and are named in analogy with strange baryons
